On December 2, 2021 John Grabowski presented a paper in an online conference sponsored by the Catholic University of Lublin. The conference was entitled “New Faces of Anthropological Error” and featured scholars from Poland, Italy, Canada, and the United States. The paper was entitled “Anthropological Errors as a Threat to marriage according to pope Francis.” It pointed to three anthropological errors which affect marriage identified in the teaching of Pope Francis: individualism which gives rise to the “throwaway culture,” Pelagianism, and Gnosticism. It also noted the similarities between Pope Francis and Augustine of Hippo on these points.